Philip the Fair
The king of France during the turn of the 14th century. In 1296, Pope Boniface VIII issued a Clericis Laicos threatening excommunication for any lay ruler who taxed the clergy and any churchman who paid those taxes without papal consent. But Philip, with King Edward of England, resisted and he put an embargo on the export of all gold, silver, and jewels from his domains, depriving the papal treasury of a major source of revenue from church collections in France. Boniface eventually backed down. The rivalry between Philip and Boniface waged on until Philip’s troops eventually so shamed Boniface that he died.
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